What are two fundamental methods to prevent infectious diseases?

Preventing infectious diseases fundamentally relies on minimizing the transmission of pathogens and enhancing individual immunity. Hand washing is one of the most effective ways to remove germs and prevent the spread of infections. It helps to eliminate bacteria and viruses that may be present on the skin, especially after being in public spaces or before eating. Consequently, this practice directly reduces the likelihood of illness by limiting the pathways through which pathogens can enter the body.

Getting vaccinated is another cornerstone of infectious disease prevention. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens. They can protect individuals from becoming ill and also contribute to herd immunity, which protects those who are unable to get vaccinated due to medical conditions or age. By achieving higher vaccination rates in a community, the overall transmission of diseases can be significantly reduced, protecting both individuals and the community at large.

In contrast, while regular exercise and good nutrition are essential for overall health and can improve the immune response, they do not directly prevent the transmission of infections. Antibiotics and antivirals treat infections but do not serve as preventative measures. Staying indoors and avoiding contact can reduce exposure but is not a comprehensive strategy, as it can lead to isolation and other negative health effects, and does not guard against asymptomatic spread.