Which of the following is a cognitive effect of stress?

The cognitive effects of stress can significantly impact how a person thinks and remembers information. When stress levels rise, the body's response often leads to an overload of emotions and physiological changes that can inhibit cognitive function. This results in difficulty concentrating, processing information, and recalling memories.

Stress triggers the release of hormones such as cortisol, which, in excessive amounts, can impair the function of the hippocampus—an area of the brain crucial for memory formation. Therefore, under stress, individuals frequently find it more challenging to think clearly and remember details, leading to confusion and mental blocks.

In contrast, improved memory retention, increased clarity of thought, and enhanced problem-solving abilities are often associated with a calm mental state rather than situations of heightened stress. These positive cognitive effects may occur in a state of low stress or optimal arousal but are not typical outcomes of significant stress.